{"id":951,"date":"2017-07-25T08:03:17","date_gmt":"2017-07-25T05:03:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/?p=951"},"modified":"2017-07-25T08:03:17","modified_gmt":"2017-07-25T05:03:17","slug":"kahve-ve-politika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/kahve-ve-politika\/","title":{"rendered":"Kahve ve Politika"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130lk yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgeler kahveden \u201cT\u00fcrklerin i\u00e7ti\u011fi, siyah renkli, yemeklere asla e\u015flik etmeyen, a\u011f\u0131r yudumlarla tad\u0131na var\u0131lan ve arkada\u015f toplant\u0131lar\u0131ndan eksik olmayan bir i\u00e7ecek\u201d olarak s\u00f6z ediyor. Sonra bu keyif veren i\u00e7ece\u011fin ad\u0131 hep politikayla an\u0131l\u0131yor. III. Murat \u201cdedikodu yap\u0131l\u0131yor\u201d diye kahvehaneleri kapat\u0131rken, K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmet Pa\u015fa daha ileri giderek kahvecileri \u00e7uvallara koydurup bo\u011faz\u0131n sular\u0131na yollam\u0131\u015f. Ama, a\u011f\u0131z tad\u0131 politikay\u0131 yenmi\u015f. Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekindi\u011fi kahvehaneler, Fransa\u2019da da en ate\u015fli politika tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n cereyan etti\u011fi mekanlar olmu\u015f. Desmoulines, Danton ve Marat gibileri cumhuriyetin temelini Procope\u2019nin caf\u00e9sinde atm\u0131\u015f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fransa krallar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 meslekta\u015flar\u0131 kadar a\u011f\u0131r \u00f6nlemler almam\u0131\u015f olsalar da, t\u00fcm \u00f6nemli caf\u00e9lerin yak\u0131n\u0131na karakol kurdurmay\u0131 da ihmal etmemi\u015fler.<\/span><\/p>\n

LOUIS Figuier\u2019in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re kahve \u0130ran\u2019da 9. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri i\u00e7iliyor. B\u00fcy\u00fck hekim Abu \u0130bn-i Sina ondan bahsederken Habe\u015fistan\u2019daki ismi \u201cbunk\u201du kullan\u0131yor. Kahvenin, Arap \u00fclkelerine ve \u0130ran\u2019a Habe\u015fistan, Libya ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan karavanlar yoluyla ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Yaz\u0131l\u0131 metinlerde kahveden bahseden ilk Avrupal\u0131, Padova\u2019l\u0131 bir \u0130talyan olan Prospero Alpino, Gianni Morazini\u2019ye M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektubunda, \u201cT\u00fcrklerin i\u00e7ti\u011fi, siyah renkli, yemeklere asla e\u015flik etmeyen, hafif ve a\u011f\u0131r yudumlarla tad\u0131na var\u0131lan ve arkada\u015f toplant\u0131lar\u0131ndan eksik olmayan bir i\u00e7ecek\u201dten dem vurur. Alexandre Dumas da Dictionnaire de Cuisine adl\u0131 eserinde \u0130stanbul\u2019daki imamlar\u0131n camiler yerine kahvehanelerin dolmas\u0131yla ilgili \u015fikayetlerinden bahseder. Ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131yla benzer s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yor olmal\u0131 ki, III. Murat da t\u00fcm kahvehaneleri kapat\u0131p sahiplerini i\u015fkenceyle cezaland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. Bu karar\u0131n arkas\u0131nda, ba\u015fa ge\u00e7tikten sonra be\u015f karde\u015fini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesiyle ilgili kahvehane dedikodular\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 var m\u0131d\u0131r bilinmez. Ayn\u0131 tarihlerde kahve mekruh ilan edilmi\u015f. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fckunetten sonra kahve tutkunlar\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f vazge\u00e7emedikleri al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015fler. IV. Mehmet zaman\u0131nda ise \u0130stanbul tekrar bir kahvehane cenneti haline gelmi\u015f. Fakat bu sefer de, kahveseverler kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin etkili ba\u015fveziri K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmet\u2019i bulmu\u015flar. Kahvehanedeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00e7enelerden rahats\u0131z olan K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc \u00f6nce kahvecileri falakaya yat\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. Bu ceza para etmeyince, t\u00fcm halka a\u00e7\u0131k i\u015fletmeleri kapat\u0131p, kahvecileri de a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7uvallar\u0131n i\u00e7inde Bo\u011faz\u2019\u0131n mavi sular\u0131na b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f. Gelin g\u00f6r\u00fcn ki politika a\u011f\u0131z tad\u0131na bir kere daha yenilmi\u015f ve sultanlar da haremdeki kahvagilerde kahve yudumlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Kahvenin Avrupa\u2019daki hikayesi ise biraz tersten yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Zaman\u0131n Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131lan en b\u00fcy\u00fck limanlar\u0131ndan Marsilya\u2019da oturan bir T\u00fcrk-Cezayir ailesinin evine konuk olan Sear La Roque\u2019la ba\u015flayan kahve keyfi, \u00f6nceleri sadece y\u00fcksek z\u00fcmrenin a\u011f\u0131z tad\u0131na hitap etmi\u015f. S\u00fcleyman A\u011fa\u2019n\u0131n zenci k\u00f6lelerinin elinden kahve i\u00e7en XIV. Luis d\u00f6neminin saray kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n kalbi, iri kasl\u0131 k\u00f6lelerin cazibesinden mi yoksa kahvenin uyar\u0131c\u0131 etkisinden mi h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7arparm\u0131\u015f bilinmez! Tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re bir levanten olan ilk kahve t\u00fcccar\u0131 da, Petit Chatelet\u2019de a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fckkan\u0131nda Alman kutular\u0131na yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi kahve tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 satmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. Fakat i\u00e7meye haz\u0131r kahveyi ilk satan ki\u015fi kimilerine g\u00f6re bir T\u00fcrk, kimilerine g\u00f6re de bir Yunanl\u0131 olan Kambur Kandiyot ad\u0131ndaki Giritliymi\u015f. Beline \u00f6nl\u00fck niyetine ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kiriyle kap\u0131 kap\u0131 dola\u015fan Kandiyot, kahveyi yan\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir cezvede yaparm\u0131\u015f. O zamanlar kahve yapman\u0131n \u015fimdiki kadar basit bir i\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da hemen ekleyelim. Bir kere Fransa\u2019da hen\u00fcz kahve \u00e7ekmeye yarayan bir de\u011firmen yokmu\u015f. Daha a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7eksin diye ya\u015f sat\u0131lan kahve tohumlar\u0131 kurutulduktan sonra, kabuklar\u0131 ay\u0131klan\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. Yanmayacak kadar kavrulan tohumlar toz haline gelene kadar d\u00f6v\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra, yeterli miktarda kahve \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc iyice b\u0131raks\u0131n diye on kere kaynat\u0131l\u0131rm\u0131\u015f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kandiyot\u2019tan ilham alan Arnavut Pascal da ayakl\u0131 kahvecili\u011fe ba\u015flay\u0131nca kahve fiyatlar\u0131 bir nebze d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f. Pascal, hayli para kazanm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131 ki, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bilinen ilk caf\u00e9sini Quaai de l\u2019Ecole\u2019de a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f. Tarihin ilk caf\u00e9 garsonu da b\u00f6ylelikle i\u015fba\u015f\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f. Hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz, soylu ama ayn\u0131 zamanda o zamanki bir \u00e7ok Sicilyal\u0131 gibi de \u00e7ulsuz olan Palermolu Procope, anavatan\u0131n\u0131 zengin olma hayalleriyle terkederken garson olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7 tahmin edemezdi. Hele hele 11 sene garsonluk yapt\u0131ktan sonra, tam i\u015fi b\u0131rakmaya karar verdi\u011finde talih ku\u015funun, \u00e7ok uzaklardan, Viyana \u00f6nlerinden ona do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7 bilemezdi herhalde. Viyana surlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7emeyece\u011fini anlayan Kara Mustafa y\u00f6netimindeki Osmanl\u0131 ordusu, geri \u00e7ekilirken geriye y\u00fczlerce \u00e7uval kahve b\u0131rak\u0131nca, sadece Procope\u2019nin de\u011fil bir\u00e7ok Avrupal\u0131n\u0131n kaderleri ve al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f oldu. Kahve tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 atlara yem yapmaya karar veren Avusturyal\u0131lar\u0131n imdad\u0131na, bir zamanlar Osmanl\u0131 saray\u0131nda k\u00f6leyken kahve yapman\u0131n s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f Franz Kolschitsky yeti\u015fmi\u015f. Viyana\u2019n\u0131n daha sonralar\u0131 kremal\u0131 ve buzlu kahveleriyle me\u015fhur olacak ilk kaffehaus\u2019unu da ayn\u0131 \u015fahsiyet a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f. Viyana\u2019n\u0131n kahve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ilk \u00f6nce Rue des Foss\u00e9s-Saint-Germain\u2019de Frans\u0131zlarla bulu\u015fturan Procope, b\u00f6ylece arad\u0131ndan ve \u015f\u00f6hreti bug\u00fcn hala Rue de l\u2019Ancienne-Com\u00e9die\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131k olan caf\u00e9sinde yakalam\u0131\u015f. Procope\u2019nin dillere destan caf\u00e9sini daha bir\u00e7ok mekan izlemi\u015f ve Frans\u0131z devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Paris\u2019deki caf\u00e9 say\u0131s\u0131 ikibine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f. Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekindi\u011fi kahvehaneler, Fransa\u2019da da en ate\u015fli politika tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n cereyan etti\u011fi mekanlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015flar. Desmoulines, Danton ve Marat gibileri cumhuriyetin temelini Procope\u2019nin caf\u00e9\u2019sinde atm\u0131\u015flar. Fransa krallar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 meslekta\u015flar\u0131 kadar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6nlemler almam\u0131\u015f olsalar da, t\u00fcm \u00f6nemli caf\u00e9lerin yak\u0131nlar\u0131na birer karakol kurdurmay\u0131 da ihmal etmemi\u015fler.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"O zamanlar\u0131n Fransas\u0131\u2019nda kahvenin insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkileri de olduk\u00e7a hararetli at\u0131\u015fmalara neden olmu\u015f. \u00d6rne\u011fin Melanbranche onu sadece lavman olarak kullan\u0131rken, Saint-Simon, bu \u00e7amur renkli i\u00e7ece\u011fin bunca t\u00fcketilmesine bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc anlam verememi\u015f. Kimi doktorlar onu her derde deva bir iksir olarak tan\u0131mlarken, kimileri de c\u00fczzama neden oldu\u011funa kanaat getirmi\u015f. Baz\u0131 hekimler de onun \u00e7ok yava\u015f \u00f6ld\u00fcren bir zehir oldu\u011fu konusunda anla\u015fm\u0131\u015flar. Herhalde, bu doktorlar birer kahve delisi olan Voltaire\u2019in 85, Fontenelle\u2019in de 100 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar ya\u015famalar\u0131na olduk\u00e7a \u015fa\u015f\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kahveyle ilgili anlat\u0131lacak daha y\u00fczlerce hikaye var. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Hollandal\u0131lardan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kahve filizlerini \u00f6zenle yeti\u015ftiren Jussieu\u2019nun bin bir macerayla dolu Amerika yolculu\u011fu, Amerikan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerinin \u015fekerpancar\u0131ndan cay\u0131p kahve yeti\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flamalar\u0131, ya da fazla kahve stoklar\u0131n\u0131n lokomotiflerde yak\u0131t niyetine kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi\u2026 Ama gelin biz bu hikayeleri bir sonraki kahve yaz\u0131m\u0131za b\u0131rakal\u0131m. Gelecek say\u0131da patatesin \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulu\u015fmak \u00fczere…<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130lk yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgeler kahveden \u201cT\u00fcrklerin i\u00e7ti\u011fi, siyah renkli, yemeklere asla e\u015flik etmeyen, a\u011f\u0131r yudumlarla tad\u0131na var\u0131lan ve arkada\u015f toplant\u0131lar\u0131ndan eksik olmayan bir i\u00e7ecek\u201d olarak s\u00f6z ediyor. Sonra bu keyif veren i\u00e7ece\u011fin ad\u0131 hep politikayla an\u0131l\u0131yor….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":952,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,39],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/951"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=951"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/951\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":953,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/951\/revisions\/953"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/952"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=951"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=951"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=951"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}