{"id":4411,"date":"2019-08-21T06:00:28","date_gmt":"2019-08-21T03:00:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/?p=4411"},"modified":"2020-05-19T19:53:10","modified_gmt":"2020-05-19T16:53:10","slug":"ekolojik-tarimda-bitki-koruma-yontemleri-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/ekolojik-tarimda-bitki-koruma-yontemleri-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Ekolojik Tar\u0131mda Bitki Koruma Y\u00f6ntemleri &#8211; 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u0130nsana ve do\u011faya zarar veren tar\u0131m zehirleri (pestisitler), y\u0131llard\u0131r \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerimize ve bize vazge\u00e7ilmez olarak sunuluyor. Oysa pestisitsiz g\u0131da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn&#8230; Daha \u00f6nce Bu\u011fday Dergisi&#8217;nde yay\u0131mlanan bu yaz\u0131 dizisi, ekolojik tar\u0131mda kullan\u0131lan alternatif y\u00f6ntemleri anlat\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Yazan:<\/strong> Hilal Caber [Bu yaz\u0131 daha \u00f6nce Bu\u011fday Dergisi&#8217;nin 30. say\u0131s\u0131nda (2005)  yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.]<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Bug\u00fcne\nkadar artan d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunu doyurmak i\u00e7in tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde verim\nve \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ana hedef oldu. \u0130nsan ve \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\nkorunmas\u0131, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kalitesinin iyile\u015ftirilmesi, \u00fcretim\ngirdilerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 hep ikinci planda kald\u0131. Yo\u011fun girdi\nkullan\u0131m\u0131, pestisit ve kimyasal g\u00fcbrelerin bilin\u00e7sizce\nuygulanmas\u0131, su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kirletilmesi ve toprak yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n\nbozularak toprak erozyonunun g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemeyecek boyutlara\nula\u015fmas\u0131yla insanl\u0131k tek eliyle kapatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlerini a\u00e7t\u0131 ve\nkorkun\u00e7 ger\u00e7ekle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Bu da insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\naray\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6neltti. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir tar\u0131msal yap\u0131 yaratmak i\u00e7in\nekolojik tar\u0131m geli\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ekolojik\ntar\u0131m; ekolojik sistemde hatal\u0131  uygulamalar sonucu kaybolan do\u011fal\ndengeyi yeniden kurmaya y\u00f6nelik insana ve \u00e7evreye dost \u00fcretim\nsistemlerini i\u00e7erir. Ekolojik tar\u0131mda pestisitler ve kimyasal\ng\u00fcbreler kullan\u0131lmaz. Organik ve ye\u015fil g\u00fcbrelemeyi, m\u00fcnavebeyi,\ntopra\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131, bitki direncini art\u0131rmay\u0131, biyolojik\nm\u00fccadeleyi \u00f6nerir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00fct\u00fcn\nbu olanaklar\u0131n kapal\u0131 bir sistemde olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 talep eder.\n\u00dcretimde verim art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kalitesinin de\ny\u00fckselmesini ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do\u011faya\nyabanc\u0131, ona fazlas\u0131yla m\u00fcdahale eden kal\u0131nt\u0131 sorunu yaratarak\ncanl\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden, biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi\nazaltan pestisit kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan ekolojik tar\u0131m, \u00f6nce\nk\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6nlemlerin deste\u011fiyle sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir toprak ve \u00e7evre\nyap\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturarak, pestisit yerine bitki beslenme maddeleri ile\nbitkinin do\u011fal dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 maddeleri\nkullanarak hastal\u0131k ve zararlar\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ekolojik\ntar\u0131mda; k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6nlemleri mekanik sava\u015f, fiziksel sava\u015f,\nbiyo-teknik y\u00f6ntemler, biyolojik sava\u015f, baz\u0131 kimyasallar gibi\nbitki koruma y\u00f6ntemleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu makaleden ba\u015flayarak t\u00fcm\nm\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemlerini s\u0131ras\u0131yla size aktaraca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL\n\u00d6NLEMLER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Uygun\ntoprak se\u00e7imi <\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ekolojik\ntar\u0131mda toprak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bitki sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 demektir. Toprak canl\u0131\nbir varl\u0131kt\u0131r ve bitkilerin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yeti\u015fip,\nkaliteli \u00fcr\u00fcn vermesi buna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Nas\u0131l ki her bitkinin\nbelirli bir toprak ihtiyac\u0131 varsa (toprak suyu, toprak PH\u2019s\u0131,\ntoprak s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi) hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131n\u0131n da tercih etti\u011fi\nbir toprak yap\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00d6nemli olan bitkinin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na\nuygun ama hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131n\u0131n da ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir\ntoprak se\u00e7imi yapmakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201casma zararl\u0131s\u0131 filoksera\n(<em>V\u0130teus\nvitifoliae<\/em>)\ny\u00fczde 60\u2019tan fazla kum i\u00e7eren topraklar\u0131 sevmez. \u00d6yleyse asma,\ng\u00fcneye bakan yama\u00e7larda, kumlu topraklarda daha rahat yeti\u015ftirilir.\nBir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek; zeytin bah\u00e7eleri a\u011f\u0131r ve su tutan topraklarda,\nhavas\u0131z ve nemli yerlerde kurulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc zeytin kara\nko\u015fnili ve zeytin halkal\u0131 leke hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu tip topraklar\u0131 \u00e7ok\nsever.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dengeli\ng\u00fcbreleme <\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En\n\u00f6nemli k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6nlemlerden biri olan g\u00fcbrelemede esas olan yine\ntoprak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bitkiyi de\u011fil, topra\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcbreleyip\nbesleyerek hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir koruma\nyap\u0131labilir. Dengesiz bir g\u00fcbrelemede kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan sorunlarla\ny\u00fcz y\u00fcze gelmemek i\u00e7in (hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131 sorunu, fizyolojik\nbozukluklarda meydana gelen \u00fcr\u00fcn kay\u0131plar\u0131 gibi) dengeli bir\ng\u00fcbreleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00fcbreleme\nyaparken \u00e7iftlik g\u00fcbresi kullan\u0131lacaksa bir\u00e7ok yabanc\u0131 ot\ntohumunun canl\u0131 olarak tarlaya ta\u015f\u0131nmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu g\u00fcbrenin\niyice yanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir. Her y\u0131l tarlaya uygulanan hayvan\ng\u00fcbreleri ve organik at\u0131klar \u2018dana burnu (<em>Gryllotapla\ngryllotalpa<\/em>)\u2019\nve  \u2018haziran b\u00f6ce\u011fi  (<em>Polyphylla\nfullo<\/em>)\u2019\ngibi zararl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131na neden olabilir. Bunu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in\nbu t\u00fcr g\u00fcbreleri tarlaya s\u0131rayla vermek gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ekolojik\ntar\u0131mda topra\u011f\u0131 beslemede ve g\u00fcbrelemede hayvan g\u00fcbresi, ye\u015fil\ng\u00fcbre ve kompost kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi toprak iyile\u015ftiricileri\ndenen ham fosfat, kaya unu, odun k\u00fcl\u00fc, kire\u00e7, dolamit, h\u00fcmik\nasit, alg kireci gibi maddeler de kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dayan\u0131kl\u0131\nbitki t\u00fcr ve \u00e7e\u015fitleri <\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Her\nbitkinin baz\u0131 zararl\u0131lardan ve hastal\u0131klardan etkilenmesi\nfarkl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, bitki \u00e7e\u015fidinin zararl\u0131 veya hastal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131\ndayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Bundan\nyararlanarak hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131larla m\u00fccadele edilebilir. Baz\u0131\nbitkiler, do\u011fal yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan nedenlerle zararl\u0131lar\u0131n\nbeslenme, s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma, yumurta b\u0131rakma gibi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na uygun\nolmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in tercih edilmezler. \u00d6rne\u011fin bitkilerin t\u00fcyl\u00fc\nolmas\u0131, rengi, kokusu ve tad\u0131, mum tabakas\u0131yla kapl\u0131 olmas\u0131,\nbaz\u0131 b\u00f6cekleri iter. \u201cAkdeniz meyve sine\u011fi\u201d limon kabu\u011funun\ni\u00e7erdi\u011fi eterik ya\u011flar nedeniyle limonda ya\u015fama imkan\u0131 bulamaz.\nYoncalar\u0131n yaprak bitlerine kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feker\nnoksanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ileri gelir. \u201cF\u0131nd\u0131k kurdu (<em>Curculio\nnucum<\/em>)\u201d\nkabu\u011fu sert ve kal\u0131n olmas\u0131 nedeniyle karaf\u0131nd\u0131k \u00e7e\u015fidini\ntercih etmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ekim\nve dikim sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Birim\nalanda yeti\u015febilecek optimal bitki say\u0131s\u0131 her k\u00fclt\u00fcr bitkisi\ni\u00e7in farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Belirlenmi\u015f olan bu ekim ve dikim s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131\nd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yap\u0131lan  i\u015flemlerde ya bitkiler zay\u0131f geli\u015fir ya da\nhastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lar\u0131n kolay \u00fcremesine meydan verecek bir ortam\nolu\u015fur. \u00d6rne\u011fin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00e7ok s\u0131k dikilmi\u015f meyve bah\u00e7elerinde\nyaprak bitleri, ko\u015fnil ve kabuklu bit zarar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok olur. Ya da\nzay\u0131f ve seyrek yeti\u015fen yoncalar tarlada iyi bir g\u00f6lgeleme\nyapamaz; bu da s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n art\u0131p \u201cyonca hortumlu b\u00f6ce\u011fi\u201dnin\nlarvas\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesine olanak verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ekim-dikim\nzaman\u0131n\u0131n ayarlanmas\u0131<\/strong>\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Burada\nama\u00e7; bitkiyi erken veya ge\u00e7 ekip-dikerek baz\u0131 zararl\u0131lar\u0131n\nyumurta b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek veya zararl\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 hassas oldu\u011fu\nd\u00f6nemi, b\u00f6ce\u011fin hen\u00fcz ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da zararl\u0131\nsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neme denk getirerek bitkiyi korumakt\u0131r.\n\u00d6rne\u011fin, ge\u00e7 ekilen fasulyeye \u201cbaklagil tohum b\u00f6cekleri\n(Bruchus spp.) daha az zarar verir. \u201c\u015eeftali kara lekesi\n(<em>Cladosporium\ncarpophilumTheum<\/em>)\u201dnin\nsorun oldu\u011fu yerlerde bah\u00e7e kurarken erkenci \u015feftali \u00e7e\u015fitleri\ntercih edilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sulama\nve drenaj <\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sulama\nile baz\u0131 b\u00f6ceklerin geli\u015fmesini engellenirken, bilmeden\nbaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131nki de te\u015fvik edilebilir. Bu ili\u015fki iyi kuruldu\u011funda\nba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir koruma sistemi geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f olunur. Suyu fazla\ntutan topraklarda toprak k\u00f6kenli hastal\u0131klar sorun olu\u015fturur. Bu\nnedenle \u00f6zellikle meyve bah\u00e7eleri ve sebze tarlalar\u0131nda fazla\nsuyun birikmesine engel olmak i\u00e7in drenaj yap\u0131lmal\u0131, topra\u011f\u0131n\nhavalanmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131, hatta m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse damlama sulama sistemi\nkurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok zararl\u0131n\u0131n biyolojisi takip edilerek sulama\nzamanlar\u0131n\u0131n ayarlanmas\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ekim\nn\u00f6beti  <\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir\nekolojik tar\u0131m i\u015fetmesine m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca zengin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\ndeseni yarat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ekim n\u00f6betinde derin-s\u0131\u011f k\u00f6kl\u00fc, azot\nalan-veren, yava\u015f-h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fen, organik maddece art\u0131ran-azaltan,\nyaprakl\u0131-sapl\u0131, yabanc\u0131 otlar\u0131 bast\u0131ran-bast\u0131rmayan bitkilerin\ns\u0131rayla tarlaya gelmesine \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilir. B\u00f6ylece  toprak\nyorgunlu\u011fu \u00f6nlenmi\u015f, \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur.\n\u00d6rne\u011fin, bu\u011fday, yulaf ve arpada zararl\u0131 \u201ck\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bacakl\u0131\nhububat akar\u0131n\u0131n (<em>Penthaleus\nmajor<\/em>)\u201d\nzarar\u0131 ayn\u0131 tarlaya iki y\u0131ldan fazla \u00fcst \u00fcste hububat\nekilmeyince \u00f6nlenebilir. \u201cLahana gal b\u00f6ce\u011fi (<em>Ceutorrhynchus\npleurostigma<\/em>)\u201d\nile bula\u015f\u0131k arazilerde \u00fcst \u00fcste lahana, karnabahar ve turp\nekilmemelidir. Bir ba\u015fka \u00f6neri ise patates bitkisi \u201ctel\nkurtlar\u0131\u201dna kar\u015f\u0131 hassast\u0131r, say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu\nyerlerde ard\u0131ndan yonca yeti\u015ftirilmesi olduk\u00e7a etkilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Budama\nve gen\u00e7le\u015ftirme <\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meyve\na\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok y\u0131ll\u0131k bitkilerde yap\u0131lan normal budamalarla\nve gen\u00e7le\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 budamalarla bitki\nsa\u011flam bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fece\u011finden hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131\ndayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar. Budamayla bitki \u00fczerindeki zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f\nve hastal\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6lge kesilip at\u0131lmal\u0131 ve tarladan\nuzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131 etmeniyle\nde bula\u015fma \u00f6nlenmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hasat\nzaman\u0131 <\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir\nbitkide zararl\u0131n\u0131n zarar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem ba\u015flamadan hasat\nyap\u0131l\u0131rsa bu zarar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilir. Yani yabanc\u0131 ot tohumu\ntarlaya d\u00fc\u015fmeden \u00f6nce veya zararl\u0131n\u0131n zarar yapaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemden\n\u00f6nce hasat yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bu\u011fdayda hasat\ngeciktirildi\u011finde \u201cbu\u011fday sap ar\u0131s\u0131 (<em>Cephus\npygmaeus<\/em>)\u201d\nlarvas\u0131 bu\u011fday\u0131n saplar\u0131n\u0131 keserek t\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn topra\u011fa\nd\u00f6k\u00fclmesine neden olur. Ya da fasulye ve m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n erken hasat\nedilmesiyle \u201cfasulye tohum b\u00f6ce\u011fi (<em>Acanthoscelides\nobtectus<\/em>)\nve m\u0131s\u0131r biti (<em>Sitophilus\nzeaamais<\/em>)\u201d\nzarar\u0131ndan kurtulmalar\u0131 sa\u011flanabilir. Pamukta erken ekim ve bunun\nsonucunda erken hasat \u201cpembe kurt (<em>Pectinophora\ngossypiella<\/em>)\u201d\nzarar\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tuzak\nve \u00f6rt\u00fc bitkisi <\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tuzak bitkilerle, yeti\u015ftiren bitkilerin aras\u0131na zararl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fi ve tercih etti\u011fi bitkilerin ekilip zararl\u0131n\u0131n bitkiler \u00fczerinde toplanmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r ve bu bitkiler daha sonra imha edilerek zararl\u0131dan kurtulmu\u015f olunur. \u00d6rt\u00fc bitkisinde ise; do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fman yo\u011funlu\u011funu art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve zararl\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011funu azalt\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellikler dikkate al\u0131narak yap\u0131lan se\u00e7im ve yeti\u015ftirme plan\u0131yla, zararl\u0131 y\u00f6netimiyle birlikte do\u011fal denge de sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olur. \u00d6rt\u00fc bitkisi ayn\u0131 zamanda yabanc\u0131 otlar\u0131n \u00e7imlenmesini ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Domates tarlalar\u0131nda \u00f6rt\u00fc bitkisi olarak \u00e7elti\u011fin yeti\u015ftirilmesiyle yabanc\u0131 ot sorunu ortadan kalkar. \u00d6rt\u00fc bitkisi olarak \u015falgam yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde yabanc\u0131 ot sorunu ve solgunluk hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201celma i\u00e7 kurdu (<em>Cydia pomonella<\/em>)\u201dn\u0131n y\u00fczde 36,1 oran\u0131nda zarar verdi\u011fi, \u00f6rt\u00fc bitkisi olmamas\u0131 durumunda ise zarar\u0131n y\u00fczde 45\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Toprak i\u015fleme *<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toprak i\u015fleme bitkinin k\u00f6k sistemini geli\u015ftirir, hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Topraktaki zararl\u0131larla iyi bir m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, K\u00f6k-ur nematodlar\u0131yla (<em>Meloidogyne spp.) <\/em>bula\u015f\u0131k tarla ve seralarda bitkilerin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131cak aylarda 15 g\u00fcn ara ile en az iki kez yap\u0131lan derin i\u015fleme olumlu sonu\u00e7 verir. Ya da \u201cekin g\u00fcvesi (<em>Syringopais temperatella<\/em>)\u201d ile m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in tarlan\u0131n bi\u00e7ilmesinin ard\u0131ndan en az 10 cm derinlikte s\u00fcr\u00fcm yapmak yumurta ve t\u0131rt\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in iyi bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Mercimek tarlalar\u0131 ekime haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken derin s\u00fcr\u00fclerek gelecek y\u0131l\u0131n zararl\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltmada \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zararl\u0131larla m\u00fccadelede ve toprak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da tarlada kalan bitki at\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yok edilmesi \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201cm\u0131s\u0131r kurdu (<em>Ostrinia nubilalis<\/em>)\u201d k\u0131\u015f\u0131 tarlada kalan m\u0131s\u0131r saplar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7irirken, \u201cyaprak galeri g\u00fcveleri\u201d ve \u201ck\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6r\u00fcmcekler\u201d gibi zararl\u0131lar yere d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f yapraklarda veya bunlar\u0131n aralar\u0131nda k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irir. Bu yapraklar\u0131n k\u0131\u015f ba\u015flar\u0131nda toplan\u0131p d\u00f6k\u00fclmesi ve baz\u0131 durumlarda yak\u0131lmas\u0131 bu zararl\u0131lar\u0131n azalmas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>*Edit\u00f6r notu:<\/strong> G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde toprak i\u015fleme konusu tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Topra\u011f\u0131n i\u015flenmesi, sadece zararl\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen organizmalara de\u011fil, topraktaki faydal\u0131 organizmalara da zarar verir. Bu konu ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131da i\u015flenecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ya\u015far Ak\u0131nc\u0131, N.\u00d6. Alt\u0131ndi\u015fli, T.K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, 2003, Tar\u0131msal Sava\u015f\u0131n \u0130lkeleri, Organik Tar\u0131mda Kullan\u0131lacak Y\u00f6ntemler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eto\nOrganik Tar\u0131m E\u011fitimi Ders Notlar\u0131, 2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bahce.biz.com.tr\">http:\/\/www.bahce.biz.com.tr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tedgem.gov.tr\">http:\/\/www.tedgem.gov.tr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ifoam.org\">http:\/\/www.ifoam.org<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.essortment.com\">http:\/\/www.essortment.com<\/a> <strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130nsana ve do\u011faya zarar veren tar\u0131m zehirleri (pestisitler), y\u0131llard\u0131r \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerimize ve bize vazge\u00e7ilmez olarak sunuluyor. Oysa pestisitsiz g\u0131da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn&#8230; Daha \u00f6nce Bu\u011fday Dergisi&#8217;nde yay\u0131mlanan bu yaz\u0131 dizisi, ekolojik tar\u0131mda kullan\u0131lan alternatif y\u00f6ntemleri anlat\u0131yor. Yazan: Hilal&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4415,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[43,91,337],"tags":[405,406,82],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4411"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4411"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4411\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4418,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4411\/revisions\/4418"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4415"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4411"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4411"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4411"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}