{"id":3802,"date":"2019-05-02T00:31:52","date_gmt":"2019-05-01T21:31:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/?p=3802"},"modified":"2019-05-06T05:02:46","modified_gmt":"2019-05-06T02:02:46","slug":"once-toprak-verimliligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/once-toprak-verimliligi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6nce toprak verimlili\u011fi&#8230;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Topra\u011f\u0131n kalitesini fiziksel, biyolojik ve kimyasal \u00f6zelliklerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc belirliyor. Topraktan \u00f6rnek al\u0131p analiz ettirerek topra\u011f\u0131n kalitesini \u00f6\u011frenmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Ekolojik tar\u0131m yapmak i\u00e7in uygun arazi ve toprak kalitesi kadar tar\u0131m yap\u0131lacak alan\u0131n \u00e7evre fakt\u00f6rlerinin de \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu unutmamak gerekiyor. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Yazan:<\/strong> Hilal Caber (Ziraat M\u00fchendisi)<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\t<strong>Toprak organik maddesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\t<\/strong>Toprak, mineral par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra organik madde de i\u00e7erir. Organik madde toprakta olu\u015fan veya topra\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fen bitkisel ve hayvansal canl\u0131lar ya da bunlar\u0131n cans\u0131z kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\tToprakta organik madde birikiminin topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst katmanlar\u0131nda olmas\u0131n\u0131 toprak i\u015fleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda dikkate almak gerekir. Toprak soluncalar\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli canl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan cans\u0131z organik maddeler mineral besin maddesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Organik madde belirli bir ayr\u0131\u015fma a\u015famas\u0131ndan sonra daha kararl\u0131 ve kal\u0131c\u0131 olan humusa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\tToprakta olu\u015fan humus, topra\u011f\u0131n havalanmas\u0131, su tutmas\u0131 ve toprak canl\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha uygun bir bar\u0131nak olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Toprak verimlili\u011fini toprakta bulunan organik madde miktar\u0131 etkiler ve bu miktar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle ekolojik tar\u0131m yap\u0131lan alanlarda art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Toprakta bulunan canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011fu ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi de topra\u011f\u0131n verimlili\u011finin bir g\u00f6stergesidir.Topraktaki organik madde i\u00e7eri\u011fi ne kadar \u00f6nemliyse bunun uzun y\u0131llar boyunca korunmas\u0131 da o kadar \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\tTopraktaki organik maddenin ve toprak verimlili\u011finin korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olarak \u015fu tedbirler al\u0131nabilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Topra\u011f\u0131n uygun i\u015flenmesi organik maddenin ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/li><li>Topraktaki organik madde i\u00e7eri\u011fini ve verimlili\u011fini art\u0131ran temel elemen Azot (N)&#8217;tur. Bu nedenle azot miktar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran baklagil ve yem bitkilerinin ekilmesi \u00f6nemlidir.<\/li><li>Topraktan kald\u0131r\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcn sonras\u0131 an\u0131z materyali topraktan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li>M\u00fcmk\u00fcnse ekim n\u00f6beti (m\u00fcnavebe) sistemiyle \u00fcretim yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li>Yanm\u0131\u015f hayvan g\u00fcbresi ve kompost, organik madde kazan\u0131m\u0131nda \u00e7ok faydal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li>Baklagil t\u00fcr\u00fc bitkileri i\u00e7eren ye\u015fil g\u00fcbreleme, topra\u011fa organik madde kazand\u0131ran \u00f6nemli bir girdidir.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\t<strong>Toprak verimlili\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\t<\/strong>Ekolojik tar\u0131mda toprak verimlili\u011fi bitki verimlili\u011finden \u00f6nce gelir. Esas olan toprakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc toprak ne kadar iyi beslenir, bak\u0131m\u0131 iyi yap\u0131l\u0131rsa o kadar sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 sebze ve meyve verir. Topra\u011f\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, verimlili\u011fi ve kalitesi, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bitkiler yeti\u015ftirmenin ba\u015f ko\u015fuludur. Topraktaki yetersiz bitki besin maddesi, yetersiz sulama, y\u00fczeyde su birikmesi, s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f toprak gibi olumsuzluklar bitkinin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 geli\u015fimini engeller ve bitkiyi hastal\u0131k- zararl\u0131 etmenlere kar\u015f\u0131 daha dayan\u0131ks\u0131z k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\tVerimli bir topraktan beklenen \u00f6zellikler \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Toprak derinli\u011fi; bitki k\u00f6klerinin \u015fekli ve geli\u015fimi birbirinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in (baz\u0131lar\u0131 derin k\u00f6kl\u00fcd\u00fcr) bunlar\u0131n kolayca geli\u015febilece\u011fi yeterli toprak derinli\u011fi olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li>Toprak nemi; bitkinin su ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilece\u011fi yeterli nem olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Toprak suyu; a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0131slakl\u0131k veya taban suyu varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bitki geli\u015fimini engelleyece\u011fi i\u00e7in toprak y\u00fczeyinde ve toprak i\u00e7erisinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 su birikiminin olmamas\u0131 gerekir. Taban suyu y\u00fcksek olan yerlerde de drenaj sistemleri kurularak fazla su giderilmelidir.<\/li><li>Toprak Ph&#8217;\u0131; topra\u011f\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede asit ya da alkalin olmamas\u0131, Ph&#8217;\u0131n normale yak\u0131n olmas\u0131 gerekir. <\/li><li>Toprak organik madde i\u00e7eri\u011fi; toprakta uygun \u00f6zellikte ve yeterli miktarda bitki besin maddesinin (organik madde, humus vb.) bulunmas\u0131 bunun s\u00fcreklili\u011fi ve toprak i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve s\u00fcreklili\u011fi gerekir.<\/li><li>Toprak, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 tuz, pestisid ve a\u011f\u0131r metallerle bula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\t<strong>Toprak i\u015fleme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\tToprak i\u015fleme, bitki yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in toprak \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131r. Tohum yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve ekim, yabanc\u0131 ve zararl\u0131lar\u0131n kontrol\u00fc, g\u00fcbreleme ve hasat i\u015flemleri toprak i\u015flemeyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\tGenel olarak toprak i\u015fleme 3 k\u0131s\u0131mda uygulan\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Temel toprak i\u015fleme (sonbahar toprak i\u015flemesi), <\/li><li>Tohum yata\u011f\u0131 haz\u0131rlama (ekimden \u00f6nce toprak i\u015fleme),<\/li><li>Vejetasyon esnas\u0131nda toprak i\u015fleme (bak\u0131m i\u015fleri ve yabanc\u0131 ot m\u00fccadelesi)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ekolojik tar\u0131m yapmak i\u00e7in en uygun toprak i\u015fleme tekni\u011fi koruyucu toprak i\u015fleme y\u00f6ntemidir.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\t<strong>Koruyucu toprak i\u015fleme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\tBu y\u00f6ntemin iki \u00f6nemli temeli vard\u0131r: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>\u00d6n bitki veya ikinci \u00fcr\u00fcn art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tarla y\u00fczeyine veya y\u00fczeye yak\u0131n katmanlara yerle\u015ftirilmesidir. B\u00f6ylece tarla y\u00fczeyi t\u00fcm y\u0131l boyunca ve kaymak tabakas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n korunmu\u015f olur.<\/li><li>Toprak i\u015flemede i\u015flem say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p> Koruyucu i\u015fleme y\u00f6nteminde topra\u011f\u0131 devirerek i\u015fleyen pulluk kullan\u0131lmaz. Toprak nemini korumak, toprak y\u00fczeyindeki organik maddeyi kaybetmemek i\u00e7in y\u00fczeysel ve topra\u011f\u0131 devirmeden i\u015fleyen \u00e7izel, k\u00fclt\u00fcvat\u00f6r gibi tar\u0131m aletleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Son derece yararl\u0131 olan bu y\u00f6ntem toprakta su ve r\u00fczgar erezyonunu \u00f6nler (Hasattan sonra bitki art\u0131klar\u0131 topra\u011fa b\u0131rak\u0131larak ya da topra\u011fa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak). Toprak i\u00e7indeki organizmalar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131na uygun en iyi ortam\u0131 haz\u0131rlar; mikro ve makro besin maddelerinin kaybolmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Topraktaki su ve hava dengesini sa\u011flar, topra\u011f\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler ve bitki k\u00f6k geli\u015fimine uygun ortam\u0131 haz\u0131rlar. Toprak su ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi artar, y\u00fczey ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 azal\u0131r b\u00f6ylece su erezyonu \u00f6nlenir. Bitki art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n topra\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fclmesi de ha\u015fere zarar\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> <br><strong>Yazan:<\/strong> Hilal Caber (Ziraat M\u00fchendisi) <br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Kaynaklar: <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>ETO &#8220;Organik Tar\u0131m&#8221; kitab\u0131, <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Prof. Dr. S\u00fccaattin K\u0131r\u0131mhan &#8220;Organik Tar\u0131m Sistemleri ve \u00c7evre&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.motherearthnews.com\/\">https:\/\/www.motherearthnews.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><br>Bu\u011fday Ekolojik Ya\u015fam Dergisi\/ <em>Temmuz- A\u011fustos 2006- Say\u0131 38<\/em> <br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Topra\u011f\u0131n kalitesini fiziksel, biyolojik ve kimyasal \u00f6zelliklerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc belirliyor. Topraktan \u00f6rnek al\u0131p analiz ettirerek topra\u011f\u0131n kalitesini \u00f6\u011frenmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Ekolojik tar\u0131m yapmak i\u00e7in uygun arazi ve toprak kalitesi kadar tar\u0131m yap\u0131lacak alan\u0131n \u00e7evre fakt\u00f6rlerinin de \u00f6nemli&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3858,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,18],"tags":[82,267],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3802"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3802"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3802\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3874,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3802\/revisions\/3874"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3858"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3802"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3802"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3802"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}