{"id":3421,"date":"2019-01-20T06:45:27","date_gmt":"2019-01-20T03:45:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/?p=3421"},"modified":"2019-02-03T06:26:47","modified_gmt":"2019-02-03T03:26:47","slug":"topragin-kalitesi-nasil-arttirilir-kompost-islemesiz-tarim-ekim-nobeti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/topragin-kalitesi-nasil-arttirilir-kompost-islemesiz-tarim-ekim-nobeti\/","title":{"rendered":"Topra\u011f\u0131n kalitesi nas\u0131l art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r: Kompost, i\u015flemesiz tar\u0131m, ekim n\u00f6beti"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Avrupa Komisyonu taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan makaleyi Bu\u011fday G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u0130leti\u015fim Ekibi’nden Dila Bal\u00e7a \u00d6\u011f\u00fcn \u00e7evirdi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzun zamand\u0131r devam eden ve yak\u0131n zamanda sonu\u00e7lanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, tar\u0131m topra\u011f\u0131na yap\u0131lacak kompost, g\u00fcbre ve benzeri organik materyal ilavesinin topraktaki solucan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, mahsuldeki verimi ve topra\u011f\u0131n dengesini art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. \u0130\u015flemesiz tar\u0131m ve ekim n\u00f6beti de topra\u011f\u0131n kalitesini art\u0131rmada \u00f6nemli rol oynuyor. Bununla birlikte pestisit kullan\u0131lan topraklarda, i\u015flemesiz tar\u0131m ayn\u0131 etkiyi g\u00f6stermiyor. Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma organik tar\u0131mdan konvansiyonel tar\u0131ma k\u0131yasla daha az mahsul al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterse de, organik tar\u0131m\u0131n olumlu y\u00f6nlerini vurgulayarak mahsuldeki fark\u0131n nas\u0131l azalt\u0131labilece\u011fine dair \u00f6neriler sunuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toprak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra suyun ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin zararlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi ekosisteme y\u00f6nelik hizmetler de sundu\u011fundan hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f topra\u011f\u0131 faydal\u0131 hale getirebilmek olduk\u00e7a yava\u015f bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insani zaman \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde toprak hep yenilenemez bir kaynak olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, topra\u011f\u0131 iyi durumda tutacak \u00f6nlemleri belirleyerek artan bir risk olan toprak kayb\u0131n\u0131 ele almay\u0131 hedefler. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, Avrupa Birli\u011fi ISQAPER* projesi b\u00fcnyesinde 4 zirai uygulaman\u0131n toprak kalitesini belirleyen 4 g\u00f6stergeyi nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in Avrupa ve \u00c7in\u2019deki 13 farkl\u0131 deney alan\u0131ndan toplan\u0131lan 30 deney sonucunu inceledi. Devam\u0131nda bu sonu\u00e7lar \u00c7in\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f 42 uzun vadeli incelemeden elde edilmi\u015f bilgiler ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f zirai \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n kapsaml\u0131 denetiminden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f 402 g\u00f6zlemle birle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deneyde faydalan\u0131lan 4 zirai uygulama, -topra\u011fa kompost, g\u00fcbre veya bulama\u00e7 gibi organik materyal ilavesi, -i\u015flemesiz tar\u0131m, -ekim n\u00f6beti ve daha geni\u015f seviyede, -organik tar\u0131m\u2019d\u0131. 4 toprak kalitesi g\u00f6stergesi ise, topraktaki organik madde i\u00e7eri\u011fi, topra\u011f\u0131n PH\u2019\u0131, toplam dengesi ve topraktaki solucan n\u00fcfusuydu. Deney ayr\u0131ca bu uygulamalar\u0131n mahsul verimine olan etkilerini de de\u011ferlendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar al\u0131nan mahsul\u00fcn ve 4 toprak kalitesi g\u00f6stergesinin kullan\u0131lan zirai uygulamalara nas\u0131l cevap verdi\u011fini, z\u0131tt\u0131 uygulamaya verdi\u011fi cevapla k\u0131yaslayarak bir “skor” \u00fczerinden belirlediler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, i\u015flemesiz tar\u0131m uygulamas\u0131na k\u0131yasla s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f toprak kalitesi. Bir (1)\u2019in alt\u0131ndaki skorlar olumsuz de\u011fi\u015fim anlam\u0131na gelirken (\u00f6rne\u011fin, z\u0131tt\u0131 uygulamayla k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mahsuldeki azalma), 1 \u00fczeri skor olumlu bir de\u011fi\u015fime, bir art\u0131\u015fa i\u015faret ediyordu. Skor 1\u2019den ne kadar uzakla\u015f\u0131rsa al\u0131nan sonu\u00e7 o kadar iyiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ncelemeler\ng\u00f6steriyor ki, topra\u011fa organik materyal ilavesi, organik materyal\neklenmeyen topra\u011fa k\u0131yasla gerek mahsulde gerekse toprak kalitesini\nbelirleyen 4 g\u00f6stergede olumlu sonu\u00e7lara sebep oluyor. Bu\nuygulaman\u0131n, deneyin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi di\u011fer alanlar da\nhesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda solucan say\u0131s\u0131nda 2,45 gibi bir skorda art\u0131\u015fa\nsebep oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm deneydeki en y\u00fcksek skor bu\nolsa da, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca 6 deney alan\u0131ndan al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131\nunutulmadan bu veriler b\u00fcy\u00fck dikkat ve \u00f6zenle incelenmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Organik materyal ilavesi yap\u0131lan topraktan al\u0131nan hasatta, organik materyal eklenmeyen topraktan al\u0131nanla k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 1,67 skorunda bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015flemesiz tar\u0131m, solucan say\u0131s\u0131nda 1,53, topraktaki organik madde i\u00e7eri\u011finde 1,46 ve toplam dengesinde 1,45 skorunda art\u0131\u015flara sebep olmu\u015ftur. Bununla birlikte i\u015flemesiz tar\u0131m uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n pestisit kullan\u0131lan topraklardaki solucan n\u00fcfusunda her zaman art\u0131\u015f sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Organik materyal ilavesinin topraktaki organik madde oran\u0131na etkileri ilave edilen maddeyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan farkl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, 10 cm2\u2019lik toprak alana kompost, \u00e7iftlik g\u00fcbresi ve bulama\u00e7 ilavesinin, topraktaki organik madde i\u00e7eri\u011fini s\u0131ras\u0131yla %3, %23 ve %21 oranlar\u0131nda artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ekim n\u00f6beti uygulamas\u0131 da topraktaki organik madde i\u00e7eri\u011fine 1,41 skorunda katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Belirgin olumsuz etkilerden biri 0,94 civar\u0131nda bir skorla organik tar\u0131m\u0131n mahsul verimine olan etkisiydi. Bu skor, organik tar\u0131mda al\u0131nan mahsul\u00fcn konvansiyonel tar\u0131mda al\u0131nan mahsulden %4 oran\u0131nda az oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. \u0130ki tar\u0131m y\u00f6nteminden al\u0131nan mahsul aras\u0131ndaki bu fark biliniyor olsa da, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u00e7oklu \u00fcretim veya ekim n\u00f6beti gibi \u00f6zenli zirai uygulamalar\u0131n fark\u0131 azaltmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ayr\u0131ca organik tar\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7evreye verilen zarar\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek piyasa fiyatlar\u0131 gibi \u00f6zelliklerinin de alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7eviren<\/strong>: Dila Bal\u00e7a \u00d6\u011f\u00fcn \/ Bu\u011fday G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u0130leti\u015fim Ekibi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak<\/strong>: European Commission\/Environment<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n tamam\u0131na buradan<\/a> ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*ISQAPER\nProject: Interactive Soil Quality assessment in Europe\n<\/em>and China for\nAgricultural productivity and Environmental Resilience.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Avrupa Komisyonu taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan makaleyi Bu\u011fday G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u0130leti\u015fim Ekibi’nden Dila Bal\u00e7a \u00d6\u011f\u00fcn \u00e7evirdi. Uzun zamand\u0131r devam eden ve yak\u0131n zamanda sonu\u00e7lanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, tar\u0131m topra\u011f\u0131na yap\u0131lacak kompost, g\u00fcbre ve benzeri organik materyal ilavesinin topraktaki solucan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3422,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,41],"tags":[268,15,165,267],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3421"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3421"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3421\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3427,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3421\/revisions\/3427"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3422"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3421"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3421"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}