{"id":2574,"date":"2018-03-11T09:05:34","date_gmt":"2018-03-11T06:05:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/?p=2574"},"modified":"2020-02-17T12:53:16","modified_gmt":"2020-02-17T09:53:16","slug":"organik-tarim-dunya-nufusunu-besler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/organik-tarim-dunya-nufusunu-besler\/","title":{"rendered":"Organik tar\u0131m d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunu besler"},"content":{"rendered":"

Organik \u00fcretimin, d\u00fcnyada h\u0131zla artan n\u00fcfusun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden konvansiyonel tar\u0131m savunucular\u0131n\u0131n aksine, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar organik tar\u0131m\u0131n d\u00fcnyay\u0131 besleyebilece\u011fini kan\u0131tl\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada ve \u00fclkemizde tar\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nemi yads\u0131namaz, ancak tar\u0131m politikalar\u0131 tek bir hedefe indirgenmi\u015f durumda: N\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131na paralel olarak \u00fcr\u00fcn verimlili\u011fini art\u0131rmak ve insanlar\u0131 doyurabilmek. Peki genel s\u00f6ylem bu y\u00f6nde olsa da sosyo-ekonomik analizler bunu destekliyor mu?<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu hedefin ve bu hedefe ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in uygulanan end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemlerinin (pestisitler, sentetik g\u00fcbreler, GDO vb.) d\u00fcnyada yakla\u015f\u0131k 70 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi var. Bu 70 y\u0131l\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, do\u011fal varl\u0131klara, ekosisteme<\/span> ve insana zarar vermesine ra\u011fmen, maksimum verimi elde etme \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fi nokta pek parlak de\u011fil: 2016 tarihli G\u0131dada S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik Endeksi’ne g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyada g\u0131daya eri\u015fimi yetersiz 1,8 milyar insan ya\u015f\u0131yor. Yani iddia edildi\u011fi gibi, end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemleriyle d\u00fcnyay\u0131 doyurma hedefi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc a\u00e7l\u0131k sorununun nedeni, g\u0131dan\u0131n yetersiz olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, \u00fcretimin adil payla\u015f\u0131lmamas\u0131, insanlar\u0131n al\u0131m g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin e\u015fit olmamas\u0131, israf ve k\u00e2r odakl\u0131 tar\u0131m politikalar\u0131<\/span>.<\/p>\n

BM G\u0131da Hakk\u0131 \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6r\u00fc Prof. Hilal Elver, bir milyar insan\u0131n a\u00e7 oldu\u011fu tespiti \u00fczerinden k\u0131rsaldaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile i\u015fletmeleri ve \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri tar\u0131m alan\u0131nda <\/span>demokratik reformlara<\/span> davet ediyor.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, \u00e7orakla\u015fan toprak, kirlenen su kaynaklar\u0131, zarar g\u00f6ren canl\u0131lar ve ekosistem dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, uzun vadede<\/span> konvansiyonel\/end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m, organik tar\u0131mdan daha verimli de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

ABD\u2019deki Rodale Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn, bu tar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemlerine dair kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 verimlilik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 bunu kan\u0131tl\u0131yor. Enstit\u00fc 1981’de ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 The Farming Systems Trial projesi ile, konvansiyonel tar\u0131mdan organik tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7i\u015f dinamiklerini inceledi. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde hem konvansiyonel hem de organik \u00fcretim yapan Enstit\u00fc, 1986-2014 y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan bir istatistik yay\u0131mlayarak, organik \u00fcretimdeki verimin konvansiyonel \u00fcretimi yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hatta kurak d\u00f6nemlerde organik \u00fcretimdeki verimlili\u011fin daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. <\/span><\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r ve soya \u00fcretimi \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen projede, \u00f6zellikle kurak d\u00f6nemlerde organik tar\u0131m\u0131n verimlili\u011finin daha fazla oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Rapora g\u00f6re, kurak ge\u00e7en y\u0131llarda m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n organik \u00fcretimdeki verimi, konvansiyonele g\u00f6re %31 daha fazla oldu. Konvansiyonel m\u0131s\u0131r, kurak d\u00f6nemlerde besinsiz kal\u0131p kuruma e\u011filimi g\u00f6sterirken, organik m\u0131s\u0131r dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stererek ye\u015fil kalabiliyor<\/span>. Topra\u011f\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131 olan organik bile\u015fen miktar\u0131, organik \u00fcretimde her y\u0131l art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterirken, konvansiyonel \u00fcretimde giderek azal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Tohum verimi ve kalitesinde fark yok<\/strong><\/p>\n

1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda organik tar\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flayan Atat\u00fcrk Bah\u00e7e K\u00fclt\u00fcrleri Merkez Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc sebzecilik b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn verileri de tohum verimi ve kalitesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan <\/span>benzer bir sonuca i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n

2004-2009 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda organik tar\u0131m ve konvansiyonel tar\u0131m ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, p\u0131rasa tohumunun verimi ve kalitesini inceleyen Enstit\u00fc, aralar\u0131nda herhangi bir fark olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirledi. Hatta organik p\u0131rasa tohumunun verimi baz\u0131 ko\u015fullarda daha y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, \u00e7imlenme oran\u0131 ise konvansiyonele g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonucunda; \u00e7evreye uyum sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitler, temiz tohumluk ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 fide kullan\u0131m\u0131 se\u00e7ildi\u011finde, hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lar ile entegre m\u00fccadele yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<\/span>, k\u00fclt\u00fcr bitkisi ile yabanc\u0131 ot rekabeti olu\u015fmadan yabanc\u0131 otlar \u00fcretim alan\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, toprak analizine dayal\u0131, topra\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 esas alan g\u00fcbreleme programlar\u0131 uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, ekonomik ve kaliteli \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcretilebilece\u011fi ortaya kondu.<\/p>\n

Her iki enstit\u00fcn\u00fcn ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara g\u00f6re, \u00fcretim profesyonelce yap\u0131l\u0131r, gerekli ARGE ile desteklenir, ziraat m\u00fchendisleri \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere gerekli e\u011fitimi verir, h\u00fck\u00fcmetler ekolojik tar\u0131m\u0131 destekleyecek politikalar\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irirse, verimlilik ibresi -de\u011fi\u015fen iklim \u015fartlar\u0131 da dikkat al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda- konvansiyonel tar\u0131mdan de\u011fil organik tar\u0131mdan yana.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada organik tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7ilse ne olur?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rodale Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 umut verici. Peki, sadece belirli bir alanda de\u011fil, d\u00fcnya genelinde organik \u00fcretime ge\u00e7ilse sonu\u00e7 ne olurdu? Ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurulu\u015fu FiBL (Research Institute of Organic Agriculture)<\/span>, herkesin merak etti\u011fi konuyu inceleyerek, t\u00fcm tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131nda organik \u00fcretime ge\u00e7ilirse, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda sonucun ne olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu. Pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurulu\u015funun i\u015fbirli\u011fiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen incelemeye g\u00f6re, tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 baz\u0131 fakt\u00f6rlerle birlikte, organik tar\u0131m d\u00fcnyay\u0131 doyurabilir. Hatta d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun beslenebilmesi i\u00e7in, mevcut tar\u0131m arazilerinin %60’\u0131nda organik \u00fcretime ge\u00e7ilmesi yeterli. FiBL’e g\u00f6re bunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in hayvansal \u00fcr\u00fcn<\/span> t\u00fcketiminin ve yeti\u015ftirilen hayvan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile yem \u00fcretimi ve israf\u0131n da <\/span>azalmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

FiBL; d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in daha fazla topra\u011fa ihtiya\u00e7 duyulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Justus Liebig \u00dcniversitesi’nden Prof. Andreas Gattinger, mevcut \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda <\/span>konvansiyonel tar\u0131m ile organik tar\u0131m aras\u0131nda %25’lik bir verim bo\u015flu\u011fu oldu\u011funu belirtse de, Rodale Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn ve <\/span>Atat\u00fcrk Bah\u00e7e K\u00fclt\u00fcrleri Merkez Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gelecek i\u00e7in \u00fcmit vadediyor.<\/span><\/p>\n

2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 milyar olmas\u0131 bekleniyor. Konvansiyonel tar\u0131m, d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunu doyurmaya aday olsa da, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine etkisi, toprak, su gibi do\u011fal varl\u0131klar\u0131<\/span> t\u00fcketiyor olu\u015fu nedeniyle, ya\u015fam\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi i\u00e7in<\/span> bir an \u00f6nce vazge\u00e7ilmesi gereken bir \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi. Organik tar\u0131m ise s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir gelecek vadediyor. Rodale Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, organik tar\u0131m\u0131n, konvansiyonel tar\u0131ma g\u00f6re yakla\u015f\u0131k %50 daha az sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekiyor.<\/p>\n

Verimlilik konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar devam ederken, g\u0131da israf\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok fazla olmas\u0131 dikkatleri \u201dyeterli \u00fcr\u00fcn yeti\u015ftirme\u201d konusundan \u201dyeti\u015fen \u00fcr\u00fcnleri israf etmeme\u201dye y\u00f6neltiyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcmr\u00fck ve Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130\u00e7 Ticaret Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc verilerine g\u00f6re, g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin tarladan sofraya ula\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yetersiz uygunsuz nakliye, depolama ko\u015fullar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, g\u0131dan\u0131n %25\u2019i heba oluyor. D\u00fcnyada her y\u0131l israf edilen g\u0131da miktar\u0131 ise en az 1,3 milyar ton. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla israf \u00f6nlendi\u011fi taktirde, konvansiyonel tar\u0131mda sentetik ila\u00e7 ve g\u00fcbrelerle sa\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan verim art\u0131\u015f\u0131na da ihtiya\u00e7 kalm\u0131yor. <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye \u0130statistik Kurumu (T\u00dc\u0130K) verilerine g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, her y\u0131l 1,7 milyar ekmek, 18 milyon ton meyve ve sebze \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131l\u0131yor. G\u0131da israf\u0131n\u0131n parasal bedeli ise 214 milyar lira.<\/p>\n

2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyada organik tar\u0131m yap\u0131lan arazi 50,9 milyon hektar; yani d\u00fcnya genelindeki tar\u0131m arazilerinin hen\u00fcz %1’i. FiBL, g\u0131da israf\u0131 yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya azalt\u0131l\u0131rsa ve kesif yem \u00fcretimi (yem ama\u00e7l\u0131 tah\u0131llar vb) yar\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse, mevcut tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n % 60’\u0131nda dahi organik tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7ilmesiyle, hem verim hem de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u00fcretimin sa\u011flanabilece\u011fini belirtiyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

FiBL’in \u00f6ng\u00f6s\u00fcr\u00fc, yem \u00fcretimi azalaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, hayvansal \u00fcr\u00fcn t\u00fcketiminin de \u00fc\u00e7te bir oran\u0131nda azalaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde. B\u00f6ylece d\u00fcnyan\u0131n beslenme \u015fekli iklimi koruyucu bir hale gelecek, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc end\u00fcstriyel hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %15\u2019inden sorumlu. Kurakl\u0131k, ani hava de\u011fi\u015fimleri ve seller gibi iklim de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin g\u0131da \u00fcretiminde verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve kay\u0131plara <\/span> neden oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda do\u011fa ve iklim dostu organik \u00fcretimin g\u0131dan\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemi daha belirgin hale geliyor.<\/p>\n

Ekolojik ilkeleri, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 beslenmeyi, israf ve t\u00fcketim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini, gelecek ku\u015faklar\u0131 da dikkate alan, uzun vadeli, g\u0131dan\u0131n eri\u015filebilirli\u011fi ve adil payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, a\u00e7l\u0131k sorununun temel sebeplerini dikkate alan politikalar \u00fcretilir ve hayata ge\u00e7irilirse toprak, su gibi do\u011fal varl\u0131klar\u0131, t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131 ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceli\u011fine alan ekolojik tar\u0131m\u0131n, gelecekte de d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunu besleyebilece\u011fi \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-01410-w<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

http:\/\/rodaleinstitute.org\/assets\/FST-Brochure-2015.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/feeding-the-world-with-organics-a-realistic-prospect\/a-40967602<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=z4daLqmureU<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

http:\/\/orgprints.org\/19175\/1\/Organik_P%C4%B1rasa.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Organik \u00fcretimin, d\u00fcnyada h\u0131zla artan n\u00fcfusun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden konvansiyonel tar\u0131m savunucular\u0131n\u0131n aksine, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar organik tar\u0131m\u0131n d\u00fcnyay\u0131 besleyebilece\u011fini kan\u0131tl\u0131yor. D\u00fcnyada ve \u00fclkemizde tar\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nemi yads\u0131namaz, ancak tar\u0131m politikalar\u0131 tek bir hedefe indirgenmi\u015f durumda:…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2575,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,43,41],"tags":[165],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2574"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2574"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2574\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6184,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2574\/revisions\/6184"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2575"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2574"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2574"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2574"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}