{"id":10894,"date":"2021-01-02T06:35:32","date_gmt":"2021-01-02T03:35:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/?p=10894"},"modified":"2021-01-14T14:39:41","modified_gmt":"2021-01-14T11:39:41","slug":"saglikli-toprak-altindan-daha-degerli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bugday.org\/blog\/saglikli-toprak-altindan-daha-degerli\/","title":{"rendered":"Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 toprak alt\u0131ndan daha de\u011ferli\ufeff"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Forbes dergisinde yay\u0131mlanan makaleye g\u00f6re, insan kaynakl\u0131 sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n %24\u2019\u00fcnden end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m sistemimiz sorumlu. \u0130klim krizinin hem nedeni hem de ma\u011fduru olarak g\u00f6sterilen tar\u0131msal uygulamalar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkisini hafifletmek i\u00e7in toprak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, iyile\u015ftirilmesi ve bu y\u00f6ndeki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n artmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2050 y\u0131l\u0131na d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun 9 ila 11 milyar olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Peki herkese yetecek kadar g\u0131day\u0131 nas\u0131l \u00fcretece\u011fiz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ye\u015fil Devrim, 1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunda, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zme umuduyla kimyasal g\u00fcbreleri ve y\u00fcksek verimli mahs\u00fcl \u00e7e\u015fitlerini beraberinde getirdi. Tar\u0131m\u0131n end\u00fcstriyelle\u015fmesi k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemde verimi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rsa da,  \u015fu an art\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcn verimlili\u011finin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir noktaday\u0131z. \u0130ronik bir \u015fekilde, Ye\u015fil Devrim arazi kayb\u0131, ormans\u0131zla\u015fma ve  do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n suistimal edilmesi yoluyla iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi neticesinde g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin d\u00f6rt temel unsuru da olumsuz bir bi\u00e7imde etkilendi: Elveri\u015flilik, eri\u015fim, yararlanma ve istikrar. Neyse ki de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7in h\u00e2l\u00e2 vakit var.
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\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm toprak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek<\/strong>
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Mevcut tar\u0131m sistemi hem iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin zararl\u0131 etkilerine katk\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor hem de bunlarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131yor. \u0130nsan kaynakl\u0131 t\u00fcm sera gaz\u0131 emisyonunun y\u00fczde 24\u2019\u00fcnden mevcut tar\u0131m sistemi sorumlu. G\u0131da sistemimiz ayr\u0131ca s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fen ya\u011f\u0131\u015f \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc ve ekstrem hava olaylar\u0131n\u0131n daha s\u0131kl\u0131kla ya\u015fanmas\u0131 \u015feklinde de iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine maruz kal\u0131yor. Buna ek olarak, IPCC\u2019nin (H\u00fck\u00fcmetleraras\u0131 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Paneli) 2019 raporu, yukar\u0131da bahsi ge\u00e7en iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi g\u00f6stergelerinin \u00fcr\u00fcn verimini olumsuz etkileyece\u011fi ve k\u00fcresel g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin zay\u0131flamas\u0131na neden olaca\u011f\u0131 konusuna neredeyse kesin g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131yor. Her ne kadar iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkilerini azaltmaya y\u00f6nelik t\u00fcm sekt\u00f6rlerin geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 \u00f6nlemler almas\u0131 gerekiyor olsa da, toprak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek iklim sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirebilir.
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Toprak, \u0131slan\u0131nca \u00e7amura d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen bir \u015feyden ibaret de\u011fildir; mineraller, s\u0131v\u0131lar, gazlar ve mikroorganizmalar gibi canl\u0131 ve cans\u0131z maddelerden olu\u015fan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ekosistemdir. Toprak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya kalitesi topra\u011f\u0131n D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak idame ettirme kapasitesinin bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 toprak ekolojik d\u00f6ng\u00fcler aras\u0131ndaki olumlu etkile\u015fimi en \u00fcst seviyeye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r, birincil verimlili\u011fi destekler ve ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131za katk\u0131da bulunur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, toprak k\u00f6t\u00fc besin y\u00f6netimi, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 otlatma ve geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 kullan\u0131m nedeniyle besin maddelerince zay\u0131flarsa, toprak ekosisteminin ya\u015fam\u0131 destekleme kapasitesi de k\u0131s\u0131tlan\u0131r.
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Ayr\u0131ca, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 toprak karbon tutarak iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini hafifletebilir. Topra\u011f\u0131n karbon tutmas\u0131, yani atmosferdeki karbondioksitin do\u011fal bir d\u00f6ng\u00fcyle toprakta depolanan organik karbona d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, fazla karbondioksit emildi\u011fi i\u00e7in iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin hafifletilmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u201cProject Drawdown\u201d, b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl arazi y\u00f6netimi uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanan \u00e7iftliklerin on y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcrede akre ba\u015f\u0131na topra\u011fa 25-60 tona kadar<\/a> karbon ilave etme potansiyeli oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Tutulan karbon miktar\u0131ndaki bu \u00f6nemli art\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ok daha az karbondioksitin sera gaz\u0131 etkisine katk\u0131da bulundu\u011fu anlam\u0131na geliyor.
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B\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl arazi y\u00f6netimi <\/strong>uygulamalar\u0131<\/strong>
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Kompleks ve canl\u0131 bir ekosistem olan topra\u011f\u0131n b\u00f6lgesel iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na, ne \u00fcretildi\u011fine ve \u00fcretim \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 gereksinimleri vard\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, toprak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 besleyen b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl y\u00f6netim uygulamalar\u0131 genellikle \u015funlar\u0131 kapsar:
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  1. Toprak a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n en aza indirilmesi.<\/li>
  2. \u00d6rt\u00fc bitkileri dikerek ve ekim n\u00f6beti yaparak toprak \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00f6rt mevsim korunmas\u0131.<\/li>
  3. Kompost ve di\u011fer do\u011fal toprak iyile\u015ftirme y\u00f6ntemleri ile toprak kalitesinin zenginle\u015ftirilmesi.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00fcm bu uygulamalar do\u011fan\u0131n biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fe olan yatk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile uyum i\u00e7inde i\u015fleyerek topra\u011fa iyile\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gerekli zaman\u0131 tan\u0131r ve besini sa\u011flar. Bu uygulamalar, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn verimini ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran karbon zengini toprak organik maddesini destekler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n
    \"\"
    Zehirsiz Sofralar T\u00fcketici ve \u00dcretici Rehberlerini <\/strong>buradan<\/strong><\/a> okuyabilirsiniz.<\/strong> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130klime duyarl\u0131 tar\u0131m yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 artmal\u0131<\/strong>
    <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Toprak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en iyi \u015fekilde destekleyecek b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl tar\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 30 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 700 milyar dolarl\u0131k bir net sermayeye ihtiya\u00e7 duyuluyor. Ayr\u0131ca, iklime duyarl\u0131 tar\u0131ma yap\u0131lacak bu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 trilyon dolar net finansal getiri sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sorumlu tar\u0131m arazilerine yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131m, Nuveen, International Farming Corporation ve Hancock Agricultural Investment Group gibi \u00f6nde gelen end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m ve g\u0131da yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda dahi giderek daha \u00f6nemli bir hale gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Arazi tahribat\u0131 art\u0131k k\u00e2r getirmiyor, bu y\u00fczden iyile\u015fen topra\u011f\u0131n uzun vadede getirece\u011fi olumlu etkilerini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmam\u0131z gerekiyor.
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Topra\u011f\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n sermayelerini g\u0131da sistemimizin de\u011fer zinciri aras\u0131nda yaymalar\u0131 gerekiyor. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 toprak her ne kadar sistemin en temel yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131 olsa da, geni\u015f bir \u00e7er\u00e7eveden bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda; i\u015fin i\u00e7ine toprak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6neten \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, \u00fcretime dahil olan taraflar, imalat, altyap\u0131 ve son olarak da nihai \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc t\u00fcketen ki\u015filer giriyor. T\u00fcketici talebinin giderek daha \u00f6nemli hale gelmesi, son on y\u0131lda sertifikal\u0131 organik g\u0131daya y\u00f6nelik \u00fcstel b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve organik tar\u0131m\u0131n h\u0131zla geli\u015fmesi ile kan\u0131tlanmaktad\u0131r.
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 toprak sistemin en temel unsurudur ancak, daha geni\u015f bir resim tedarik zincirine nas\u0131l yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na dair bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunar:
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n